Understanding the Working Principles of CNC Lathes
12 October 2020Machining tools that are operated by Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems have been continuously growing in numbers as technology progresses. CNC systems can effectively provide products and materials their specified specifications and properties through coded programmed instructions without the help and guidance of a manual operator.
CNC lathe is one of the machining tools that utilise the capabilities of CNC systems. This machining tool possesses a main spindle that is intended to clamp and rotate a material while it undergoes a cutting process. The cutting tool is typically mounted in various axis, where it can freely move and cut.
Basic Components of CNC Lathes
All the movements and processes of CNC lathes can only be performed if they are equipped with specific parts and components. A perfect assembly of CNC lathes allows them to carry out tasks that are needed for certain applications. Some of the basic components of CNC lathes are the following:
- Stands and Legs: The main purpose of stands and legs is to hold the whole machine in a fixed and stable position. They also allow the machine to be flexible enough in adjusting at any working height.
- Spindle: Spindle is primarily composed of a spindle assembly and the spindle drive system that allows the machine to hold the workpiece and twirl it around. A C-axis drive is typically assembled with a spindle so that it can move to a required position.
- Chuck: Chuck is the component responsible for holding a grip on the workpiece being machined. It is typically attached to the spindle, which can rotate it alongside the workpiece.
- Headstock: Headstock basically stores three primary components: spindle, speed change mechanism, and gear shifts. This specific part must withstand vibration and resist different elements so that the whole CNC lathe can do its functions. It must also cope with high torque at low speed.
- Tailstock: Tailstock is located on the opposite side of a spindle and can be moved either forward or backward. It provides extra support to the CNC lathe whenever it processes long workpieces.
- Machine Bed: The machine bed is known to be one of the most important parts of a CNC lathe as it secures and supports all the components needed for the machine’s operations. This part remains stationary throughout the CNC lathe operations.
Working Principles of CNC Lathes
All the components mentioned above work together so that the CNC lathe can perform its function well. Lathe machine’s primary function can be carried out by different tools such as turning tools, finishing tools, parting or cut-off tools, drill and tap holders, bar pullers, or boring bars. All these tools are thoroughly controlled by computer-aided design (CAD) or manufacturing (CAM) processes.
The movement of the lathe is controlled by a menu-type interface on a computer through an operator. At this point, the operator only oversees the process of sending instructions from the computer to the machine. The CAD or CAM program, alternatively, automates, control, and monitor the movements and processes of the machine by running some codes. These codes are created based on the specifications intended for the workpiece, on which they are followed by the CNC lathing machine.
CNC lathes can be programmed directly through a CNC Programming Support System. They can, however, be programmed by CAD or CAM program. CAD or CAM programs are often used to process workpieces with more complex shapes or operations.
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